Age-related macular degeneration: symptoms, risk factors and prevention

What is age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a condition that affects the macula — the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. AMD typically develops as people get older and can affect everyday tasks such as reading, recognising faces and driving.

For supplement options linked to AMD, see our For supplement options linked to AMD, see our iGenics review.

Common symptoms to watch for

Early AMD can be subtle and many people have few or no symptoms initially. However, watch for changes in central vision, including:

• Blurred or fuzzy vision, especially for detail work such as reading or threading a needle.
• A dark, blurred, or empty area appearing in the centre of your vision.
• Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted (metamorphopsia).
• Difficulty recognising faces.
• Colours appearing less vivid than before.

If you notice sudden or rapid changes in vision, seek urgent assessment from your GP or an eye-care professional.

Types of AMD

There are two main types:

• Dry AMD: the more common form, caused by gradual thinning of macular tissues and drusen (small yellow deposits). Vision loss tends to be gradual.
• Wet AMD: less common but more likely to cause rapid and severe vision loss; involves abnormal blood vessels growing under the retina and leaking fluid or blood.

Who is at increased risk?

Several factors are associated with higher risk of developing AMD. These include:

• Age: risk rises significantly after 50 and increases with advancing age.
• Family history: a close relative with AMD increases your likelihood.
• Smoking: one of the strongest modifiable risk factors; smokers are at substantially higher risk.
• High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: vascular health appears linked to AMD risk.
• Obesity and poor diet: diets low in green leafy vegetables and omega-3s are associated with higher risk.
• Light-coloured eyes: some studies suggest a modest association with paler irises.

Prevention and practical measures

There is no guaranteed way to prevent AMD, but several steps can reduce risk or slow progression. These are evidence-informed public-health and lifestyle measures commonly recommended by eye specialists.

• Stop smoking: quitting is the single most effective modifiable step to lower AMD risk.
• Eat a balanced diet: include green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale), colourful fruit and oily fish (rich in omega-3s).
• Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active: regular exercise supports vascular health.
• Control blood pressure and cholesterol: manage cardiovascular risk factors with your GP.
• Protect your eyes from UV: wear sunglasses that block UV when outdoors for prolonged periods.
• Regular eye checks: opticians can spot early signs of AMD — follow NHS or optometrist recommendations for monitoring.

Dietary supplements and AMD

Some nutritional supplements have been studied for slowing AMD progression. Large clinical trials — such as those supporting the original AREDS and AREDS2 formulas — investigated combinations of vitamins and minerals in people with intermediate or advanced AMD in one eye. The evidence applies to specific formulations and particular patient groups; supplements are not proven to prevent AMD in people without signs of the disease.

Some products on the market are marketed as supporting vision or containing AREDS-type ingredients. For example, the maker of iGenics markets their capsule as a plant-based vision support containing AREDs-2 components alongside other herbal ingredients such as ginkgo biloba, bilberry, saffron and turmeric. The maker claims it supports a healthy inflammatory response and boosts key vitamins and nutrients. Such claims are marketing statements and should not be taken as proof of clinical benefit.

If you are considering a supplement, discuss it with your optometrist or GP, especially if you have existing eye disease, take medications, are pregnant or have other health conditions. Some supplements can interact with medicines or are unsuitable for people with certain conditions.

When to see a clinician

Book an urgent appointment if you notice rapid central vision loss, sudden distortion of straight lines, new flashes or floaters, or a shadow or curtain over part of your vision. For routine monitoring, follow recommended review intervals from your optometrist or ophthalmologist based on your individual risk.

Key takeaways

• AMD mainly affects central vision and becomes more likely with age.
• Early detection through regular eye checks can help with monitoring and treatment options.
• Healthy lifestyle choices — quitting smoking, a balanced diet, exercise and managing blood pressure — can reduce risk.
• Discuss supplements with your clinician; product claims are marketing statements and should be weighed against clinical advice.

Medical disclaimer: This page is for information only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you have concerns about your vision, consult your GP or an eye-care professional promptly.

Related reading

• iGenics review: full verdict
• How antioxidants protect your eyes: lutein, zeaxanthin and more
• How to choose a vision supplement: what to look for in ingredients and quality