What is vertigo?
Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness where you or your surroundings feel as if they’re spinning or moving. It’s a symptom, not a diagnosis, and can arise from several different problems affecting the inner ear, the brain or the nerve pathways that connect them.
For broader context on treatments and products that people sometimes use to manage symptoms, learn more in our Vertigenics reviews page.
Common causes of vertigo
Below are the most frequent underlying causes. Each has different typical features and management approaches.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
BPPV is one of the commonest causes. Small calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia) that normally sit in the utricle of the inner ear can become dislodged and move into the semicircular canals. Certain head movements—rolling over in bed, looking up—can then trigger brief episodes of intense spinning that usually last seconds to minutes.
Menière’s disease
Menière’s is a disorder of the inner ear thought to involve abnormal fluid pressure. It typically causes recurrent episodes of vertigo lasting minutes to hours, often accompanied by fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ear) and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis
These conditions are usually caused by inflammation, often post-viral. Vestibular neuritis affects the nerve supplying balance but not hearing; labyrinthitis affects both balance and hearing. They tend to cause a sudden, severe vertigo that can persist for days, often with nausea and difficulty standing.
Cervicogenic and visual triggers
Problems with the neck (cervical spine) or visual system can produce sensations mistaken for vertigo. For example, neck arthritis or muscle spasm can interfere with proprioceptive input, and specific visual stimuli (busy patterns, scrolling screens) can provoke balance disturbances in susceptible people.
Central causes
Vertigo can originate in the brainstem or cerebellum. Causes include stroke, multiple sclerosis and tumours. Central vertigo often has additional neurological signs—double vision, difficulty speaking, weakness, or problems with coordination—and requires urgent assessment.
Other causes
Less commonly, vertigo can be related to medications (ototoxic drugs), migraine (vestibular migraine), low blood pressure, or anxiety disorders. A detailed history helps separate these possibilities.
Typical triggers that bring on an attack
Some people have clear, reproducible triggers. Common examples include:
- Quick head movements or changes in position (BPPV).
- High salt intake, stress or lack of sleep, which can precipitate Menière’s attacks in some people.
- Recent viral illness preceding sudden persistent vertigo (vestibular neuritis).
- Certain visual environments—busy patterns, flickering lights, or scrolling screens—especially in vestibular migraine.
- Certain medications or recreational substances that affect the inner ear or brain.
How vertigo usually presents and what to look for
Useful points that help clinicians identify the cause include how long episodes last, what brings them on, associated symptoms and whether hearing is affected. For example:
- BPPV: very brief, position-triggered episodes without hearing loss.
- Menière’s: longer attacks with hearing changes and tinnitus.
- Vestibular neuritis: sudden continuous vertigo after a viral illness, often with prolonged imbalance.
- Central causes: vertigo with other neurological deficits or imbalance that doesn’t fit the common peripheral patterns.
When to see a doctor or seek urgent care
Most episodes of vertigo are not life-threatening, but certain features should prompt urgent assessment:
- Sudden severe vertigo with double vision, slurred speech, weakness in the face or limbs, or difficulty walking—these could indicate a stroke.
- New, severe headache with vertigo.
- Persistent vomiting or inability to keep fluids down, risking dehydration.
- Progressive or sudden hearing loss with vertigo.
- Symptoms following head trauma.
- Fever with neck stiffness and vertigo—possible meningitis.
If symptoms are recurrent but not acutely dangerous, you should still make an appointment with your GP. They can examine you, perform bedside tests (for example the Dix–Hallpike manoeuvre for BPPV), and may refer you to ENT, neurology or audiology for further assessment.
Tests and treatments you might expect
Investigations depend on the suspected cause and may include hearing tests (audiometry), vestibular function testing, MRI or CT if a central cause is suspected, and blood tests where indicated. Treatment varies:
- Repositioning manoeuvres for BPPV.
- Dietary changes, diuretics or symptom control for Menière’s (management is individualised).
- Vestibular rehabilitation physiotherapy for persistent imbalance after vestibular neuritis.
- Acute symptom relief with antiemetics or vestibular suppressant medications for short-term use.
Many people improve with conservative measures and rehabilitation, but the right approach depends on the underlying cause.
If you’re considering over-the-counter supplements or products marketed to help balance, check independent reviews and discuss them with your GP before starting; manufacturers often describe benefits as claimed rather than proven.
Medical disclaimer: This article is for information only and does not replace personalised medical advice. If you have urgent or concerning symptoms, seek immediate medical attention.